Ngā take ā-ahurea, ā-matatika, ā-wairua hoki o te whakamahi kukune tangata mō te rangahau

Ko te whāinga o tenei pukapuka

Ko te whāinga o tēnei puka whakamōhio, he whakatenatena i te matapakinga mō te whakamahinga o ngā kukune. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea taro ake nei ka whakaputa te Kōmiti Whakamaherehere mō te Hangarau Āwhina Whānautanga (ACART) i āna aratohu mō te rangahau kukune. Ka kite koe i ā rātau pepa matapakinga, ā, ka tāpae kōrero hoki ki ACART mā tō rātau paetukutuku i: www.newhealth.govt.nz/acart.

Ko te wāhanga ki Toi te Taiao he whakatenatena i te tangata ki te whakaputa i ōna whakaaro, i āna kōrero hoki kia hōu mai ki roto i te kaupapa nei.

Te whakamahinga o ngā kukune i Aotearoa i ēnei rā

E hāngai ana tēnei pukapuka ki te rangahau i whakahaeretia i rō taiwhanga pūtaiao, kāhore ki te rangahau me ngā wāhine hapū.

Ka whakamahia te IVF ki te hanga kukune hei āwhina i ngā tāngata matapā ki te whakawhānau tamaiti.

Ko ngā kukune e toe ana i te mutunga o te maimoatanga IVF, tērā pea ka whakamahia mō te rangahau. Hei huarahi anō, ka hangaia he kukune mō te whakamahi i roto i te rangahau mā te whakamahi i ngā kākano me ngā keha kua takohatia, mā te whakamahi i tētahi momo “pūrua” (“cloning” - somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT rānei).

He tangata kē, he whakaaro kē mō te mana o te kukune me te whakamahinga o ngā kukune mō te rangahau.

Ka kite hoki te tangata i ētahi rerekētanga i:

• Ngā mahi ka taea e tātau ki ngā kukune.
• Ngā mea me mātua mahi e tātau.

He take whiwhi ēnei, ā, ka taukumekume anō ngā tāngata.  Engari kia whakaute tātau ki ngā whakaaro katoa.

Ka whai wāhi ō whakaaro, ahakoa kāore anō koe kia āta whakaaro mō ēnei take.

Kei tō mātau paetukutuku ētahi kōrero anō mō ngā kukune i www.bioethics.org.nz

Ka whakahaeretia tētahi matapakinga ā-ipurangi ki www.bioethics.org.nz  atu i te waenganui o Here-turi-kōkā 2006 (tbc). Nā reira hono mai ki tēnei matapakinga kia rangona ai tō reo.

Dr Martin Wilkinson
Hēmana Whakakapi
Toi Te Taiao: The Bioethics Council

Te whakaahua nui

I ngā take uaua, ko te kōrero i te āhua kotahi, i te tauira kotahi rānei te mutunga iho. Engari ka pā ō tātau whakaaro mō ngā take nui ki ēnei take iti, pēnei i ēnei take nui:

• Hei tā ētahi, e whai wāhi ana ngā kukune ki te mana motuhake.
• Hei tā ētahi, he tangata te kukune, ā, kia kaua rātau e patua mō te rangahau.
• Hei tā ētahi, e pai ana te whakamahi i te kukune, mēnā he oranga, he māramatanga rānei kei roto.
• Hei tā ētahi, he kohinga iho noa iho te kukune, ā, kāore he mana.

Ngā huarahi e mārama ai tātau ki te ao

He huarahi kē atu e mārama ai tātau ki te ao, tae atu ki ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te pūtaiao, te ahurea, ngā matatika me te wairua.

• He aha ngā momo uara, ngā momo whakapono hoki e āta whakaarohia e tātau i a tātau e titiro ana ki ngā whakamahinga o ngā kukune tangata?  
• He aha ngā take e whakaarohia ai e tātau, i a tātau e whakatau ana, he aha ngā whakamahinga o te kukune e tika ana?
• Mā wai ēnei take e whakatau?

Te takenga mai

He aha te kukune tangata?

• Ka karangatia te iho kākano kātahi anō ka whakakikiritia, he kano whakakikiri (zygote). (see diagram 1)
• E iwa wiki i muri i te whakakikiritanga ka karangatia he kahu.
• Ka whakamahia te karangatanga kukune hei ingoa mō ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga mai i te 0 ki te 8 ngā wiki i muri i te whakakikiritanga. Ka whakamahi anō mātau i taua ingoa ki konei.
• I te takiwā o te 15 o ngā rā i muri i te whakakikiritanga, ka puta te “tarapī tōmua” arā te tīmatatanga o te io tōpū o te tangata.
• I Aotearoa, i raro i te ture, kāore e whakaaetia kia tukua te kukune kia whanake i waho i te whare tangata mō ngā rā nui ake i te 14 i muri i tōna hanganga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, me mātua whakahaere te rangahau i ngā rā 14 tuatahi o te whanaketanga.

Diagram 1: Sexual reproduction

Ka ahu mai ngā kukune mō te rangahau i whea

IVF

Ka ahu mai ngā kukune mai i ngā kukune kāore i whakatōkia, ā, ka noho tonu i ngā whare whakakikiri i muri i te paunga o ngā hātepe IVF.

Ko ētahi o ēnei kukune totoka ka taea e ngā kaiaromātai pūtaiao te whakamahi mō te rangahau.

•  I Aotearoa ko ngā kukune, kāore e whakatōkia ki tētahi wahine, ka taea te pupuri mō ngā tau 10 anake. I muri i te 10 tau, me mātua ukukuku ngā kukune ki te kore e whakamahia i roto i te rangahau, ki te kore e takohatia ki tētahi wahine anō. 

Ngā keha me ngā kākano kua takohatia

Ka āhei te tangata te takoha i ētahi keha me ētahi kākano kia hangaia ai ngā kukune mō te rangahau.

Te Pūruatanga

Ka hangaia te kukune mā te pūruatanga. E rua ngā momo pūruatanga:

Te pūruatanga whakawhānau

Ko tētahi tangata hou te tukunga iho o te pūruatanga whakawhānau, ā, e rite ana tōna pītau ira ki te tangata taketake. I raro i te ture o Aotearoa, kāore e whakaaetia te whakamahi i te pūruatanga kia puta ai tētahi tamaiti.

Te pūruatanga haumanu (SCNT, te rangahau pūruatanga rānei)

Ka tīmata tēnei ki te hātepe ka whakamahia mō te pūruatanga whakawhānau. (see Diagram 2)

Ka tukua te kukune kia tipu mō ngā rā e whitu. Kātahi, ka tangohia ōna iho tā, ā, ka āta tiakina kia tipu mai hei kiko tangata kia whakamahia mō te huaranga, hei rongoa rānei. Kāore e mutu ake hei tangata; he kiko io kē ētahi, he kiri kē ētahi, ko tētahi whēkau rānei te tukunga iho. 

E wātea ana ētahi kōrero anō mō te iho tā i tō mātau paetukutuku: www.bioethics.org.nz.

Diagram 2: Cloning or asexual reproduction

He tauira o te rangahau kukune

He tere rawa te haere o te rangahau e whakamahi ana i ngā kukune. Kua puta tētahi huinga whānui o ngā maimoatanga. Ko te maha o ēnei ka tāria mō ētahi  tau.

• Ko ētahi momo rangahau e whakamahi ana i ngā kukune:
• He rangahau i te āhua o te whanaketanga o ētahi tahumaero, pērā i te mate pukupuku.
• Mā te rangahau i te whanaketanga o te kukune tangata ka mārama pea tātau he aha te pūtake o te materototanga, o te pōkīkī whānautanga i ngā tamariki.
• Ka whakamahia pea ngā iho tā kukune tangata (human embryonic stem cells) hei rongoa mō ngā tahumaero pērā i te mate paiori (Parkinson’s disease), mō ngā tāngata kua whara ō rātau tuaiwi.

He take hei whakaarotanga

Arā tētahi huinga o ngā whakaaro mō te whakamahi i ngā kukune mō te rangahau mai i te kaha mautohenga ki te kaha tautoko. Arā hoki ngā tāngata o waenganui i ēnei tōpito.

He āhua whakaaro kē tō ngā tāngata mō ngā kukune, ka kitea hoki tēnei i roto i tā rātau titiro ki te mea, mēnā e tika ana kia whakamahia te kukune mō te rangahau.

• Ko ētahi o ēnei āhua whakaaro:
• He kohinga iho noa iho ngā kukune.
• He tangata ngā kukune.
• Me rite te mana ki te tangata, ā, e hāngai pū ana ki te mana ora.
• Ā te wā pea, ka whānau mai hei tangata.
• Ehara i te tangata kia whānau rā anō.
• Ka huri hei tangata i tētahi atu wāhanga o te hapūtanga.

I runga anō i ō rātau whakaaro mō ngā kukune, anei pea ētahi whakaaro e whai ake nei:

• E pai ana te hanga kukune me te/whakamātau rānei i ngā kukune mēnā ka āhei te whakaora i te tangata, te whakangāwari rānei i te mamae.
• Me mātua whakamahi ngā kukune IVF mō te rangahau pū i te matapā.
• E pai ake ana te whakamahi i ngā kukune ka hangaia mā te pūruatanga, mā ngā kākano me ngā keha rānei ka takohatia, nā te mea kāore rawa atu i meatia hei tamaiti.
• Ko ngā kukune IVF kāore i whakamahia, me wātea mō te rangahau, ki te whakaae “ngā mātua”.  Nā te mea ka ukuukutia ngā kukune i muri i te tekau tau.
• Mā te whakapapa e hono ai ngā whakatipuranga. Ka raruraru tēnei i te rangahau raweke ira, ā, ka tauwhati te hekenga tūturu o te tangata.
• I te tangata tonu te mana hei whakatau ka ahatia ā rātau kukune.

He whakaaro

Koinei ētahi whakaaro o ngä tängata o Aotearoa. He aha hoki tō kōrero?

• Ehara i te pūtaiao noa iho. He nui ake i te kotahi ngā āhua whakaaro mō te huri a te ao. I te tuatahi, me kōrero tātau mō ēnei take ka mārō ai ō tātau whakaaro.
• Kei te āwangawanga ngā tāngata mō ngā kukune. Engari kia mōhio rātau, tērā pea ka ora ētahi tāngata, ka ārai rānei i te mate, ka kite rātau i te painga o te rangahau. Me pēhea hoki koe e whakahē i te kaupapa, māna anō pea e ora ai te tangata, e ngāwari ake ai rānei te mamae?
• I pāngia taku tama ki te mate pukapuka kūkā. Kei te aroha māua ki a ia, kei te uara hoki i tōna ora. Engari e kore māua e whiriwhiri ki te whakawhānau i te tamaiti i a ia anō taua tahumaero. Pai ake ki a māua te āta whakamātau i ā māua kukune i mua i te whakatōnga, i te whakatahe i roto i te hapūtanga. 
• Ko ngā kukune IVF kāore nei e whakamahia, ka ukuukutia i muri i te tekau tau, he aha te hē o te whakamahi kei moumou?
• He mea nui te rerenga kētanga o tō tātau pāpori, ā, he nui te takohanga a te hunga hauā, ā.
• Kei te āwangawanga ahau, mēnā ka kiia he tangata te kukune, ka katia te whakatahe, ā, ka takahia te mana o te wahine.
• Ki ōku whakaaro, mā te hunga i takoha ai ō rātau kākano, o rātau keha hoki e whakatau me pēhea te kukune.
• Ki ōku whakaaro, me tūpato tātau kei nui rawa tā tātau raweke i te āhua tūturu o te ao. 
• Kei whakaatua tātou i a tātou. E mōhio ana te Atua ki ngā mea katoa – kāore e pērā ana te tangata.

Kōrero mai 

Ka whakaputa te Kōmiti Whakamaherehere mō te Hangarau Āwhina Whānautanga (ACART) i ētahi aratohu e pā ana ki ngā hātepe āwhina whānautanga me te rangahau whānautanga ā-tangata.

Me mātua hoatu a ACART ki ngā rōpū, ngā tāngata whai pānga mai me te iwi whānui, he huarahi e taea ai e rātau te tāpae ō rātau whakaaro.  Ka kite koe i ā rātau tuhinga matapakinga, ā, ki reira anō hoki āhei ai koe te tāpae kōrero mā tō rātau paetukutuku i: www.newhealth.govt.nz/acart

Toi te Taiao: the Bioethics Council

Toi te Taiao: I whakatūria a Toi Te Taiao e te Kāwanantanga i te tau 2002, i muri mai i tētahi tūtohutanga a te Komihana a te Karauna mō te raweke ira. Ko tōna tikanga, he āta titiro ki ngā take ā-ahurea, ā-matatika, ā-wairua hoki e puta ai i te hangarau koiora. Ko te wāhanga ki a Toi te Taiao he tuku kōrero, he whakatairanga me te whakauru ki roto i ngā matapakinga me te iwi whānui, ā,  ka tuku anō hoki i te whakamaherehere ki te kāwanatanga.

Ko te whakamahi kukune tangata mō te rangahau te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga matapakinga. Ka whakatairanga a Toi Te Taiao i te matapakinga e pā ana ki ētahi atu o ngā āhuatanga o te hangarau koiora tae atu ki te pūtaiao io tōpū, te whakamātau ira me te hangarau pūrereitiiti (nanotechnology - te pūtaiao e pā ana ki ngā “pūrere” itiiti e rite ana te rahi ki te muingota).

Tūhonohono mai

Kei te pīrangi a Toi te Taiao ki te rongo i ngā whakaaro o te huinga whānui o ngā tāngata o Aotearoa. He tino taonga ō whakaaro, ō kare-ā-roto me ō pātai.

• Kia mau mai ki Toi te Taiao
  Mā te toro mai ki tō mātau paetukutuku. Me rēhita koe, ā, ka tono kōrero mātau ki a koe mō ā mātau mahi me ā mātau tānga pukapuka.

Ki te tāpae kōrero mai ki a mātau mō te whakamahinga o ngā kukune tangata i roto i te rangahau:

• Toro mai ki te paetukutuku ki te pānui i ngā tukunga iho o te rangahau rōpū arotahi, ētahi matapakinga hōhonu me ngā hononga ki ētahi kōrero pūtaiao anō mō te takenga mai o te kaupapa nei.
• Hono mai ki te rōpū matapakinga kukune īmēra. Ka tīmata tēnei  ki waenganui o Here-turi-kōkā 2006. Ki te rēhita, haere ki www.bioethics.org.nz

• Tirohia ngā niupepa me ngā mōheni nui ki te pānui i ngā kōrero mō ngā take e hāngai ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā kukune i roto i te rangahau.
• Whakahuihuitia tō whānau, ō hoa me ō hoa mahi ki te kōrerorero i ēnei take. Kei tō mātau paetukutuku ētahi whakaaro e pā ana ki te whakahaere rōpū whakawhiti kōrero. Ka whakatau pea tō rōpū ki te tāpae kōrero.

• Tukua mai he tāpaetanga ā-tuhi ki te Kōmiti Whakamaherehere mō te Hangarau Āwhina Whānautanga (ACART) mā tō rātau paetukutuku i: www.newhealth.govt.nz/acart.

Mō ngā kōrero whānui, ngā hononga ipurangi, ngā rauemi me ngā pitopito kōrero o te wā, toro mai ki te paetukutuku o Toi te Taiao www.bioethics.org.nz.

Te Pūtere Kukune/Embryo Project
Toi te Taiao: the Bioethics Council
Pouaka Poutāpeta 10362
Te Whanganui ā-Tara.
www.bioethics.org.nz